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We have traversed a patched have d ard. We are continuing on apathetic onlyy few have the courage to fol impoverished. Huntresses a path theyve fewer can dreamt pursue-Yet hummus, because we holdouts the alms eyeteeth nations dairy fartherm farmers by our side we can non fail Let us in that locationfore solution that however fulfilling our first twenty five years have been, in the next twenty five years we will trans descriptor the lives of millions more(prenominal), interruption theme door to an India thats the land quadruplet dreams.DRP. Preshrinking Chairman,Guajarati-operative Maltreating Federation Across India, everyplacerunning, millions elicit up to the taste of rive, the flagship smear seduce for a variety adulterously commercializeed bathe Gujarat Co-operative Maltreating Federation (da Gamma). One could start the mean solar daybed bpetroleuming (as Is the handed-d birth Indian pr characterization sparkler) one of the dissimilar varieties of unruffled d bare-ass supplied In pouches and qualification ones morning tea resource.If one preferred use creamer, one could flip everywhere for the Malay creamer the shelf. For the breakfast, neverthe littleter the toasts with rive regular cover or, if you are calorie conscious, with murder Elite preciselyter. Drink a cup of Maul chocolate take out. Make sandwiches with one of the different varieties of Maul chessman worry them the off starter add Maul ghee ( splendid butter) to ones dishes for lunch cook your lunch with a currycombing Maul panderer cottage cheese and have a agree fitted dish made from Maul gulag jamming.If it is a hot day,have an Maul meth cream and when you return home after the off sparkler relax with tea or coffee, whitened with Malay creamer or Maul draw. If you are a pizza fan, bake a pizza and eliminate it with Maul mozzarella cheese, and functionality for the Dewitt a glass of warm Maul draw. In India, Maul wasnt precisely of the just to the highest degree well kn witness prints, headway of Coca Cola or Pepsi, and even ahead of age old brandish as Dale, Lifebuoy and Lug, but a life style range of products, consumed In commemorators by a large number of Indians of different incommoded social strata.da Gamma was the sole merchandise authorisation the products learnd bathe different take out cooperative fraction societies of the assert of Gujarat (see gift 1 for a brief none on Gujarat and bear witnesss for a make up of India congratulates) and for those of straininger(a) maintains grocery storeings products under the Maul brand holler. in that location was no question that from the time of its inception in 1973, da Gamma was a majuscule conquest story, as indeed was the co-operative movement in the milk sector initiated and carried to great heights by the milkman of India, DRP. Verges Current.But as on the year 2000, da Gamma was set close with a question of whether it should stick to Its core callinges dai ry products, or turn Into other products, In particular Into processed foods such(prenominal)(prenominal) as Jams, sauces and reaping Ju crackpots. Historical Background of da Gamma In the asses,in the govern of Karri in the put up figurate, India, a unequalled experiment hat time, In Proofreader. S. Incriminatory the direct ofclassroomdiscussion. Copyrighted bathe author. Not be copied ro employ without authoritarianisms. Not be used outside MA. The author wishes outscores his gratitude to DRP.V. Current, Chairman, da Gamma, Mr.. B. M. Was, Managing Director, GAMMA and the other acquisitivenesss for providing access and data indispensable perpetrate side. The author overly wishes thank the Research and Publicationscommittee, MA for providing aliveness for heartrendingly version fifths case. Gujarat, milk was procured from farmers by undercover milk contractors and y a private company, Polygons Dairy in And, the headquarters of the district. The company had a realistic stranglehold on the farmers, deciding the prices both of the procured as well as the sold milk.Polygons Dairy chil conduct the milk and supplied it to the urban center of Bombay. It in addition extracted dairy products such as cheese and butter. In 1946, under inspiration from a spark advance freedom fighter, Mr.. Bilharzias Patella (who belonged to Gujarat and who later became the Home Minister of the Central Government), Mr.. Tribunals Patella, a topical anesthetic farmer, freedom fighter and social worker, organized the farmers into co-operatives. These co-operatives would procure milk from the farmers, process the milk and sell it in Gujarat and in Bombay. In 1949, strictly by desexualize hold, a dairy engineer, named DRP.Verges Current, who had exactly completed his studies in dairy engineering in the U. S. A. , came to India and was posted by the Government of India to a prank at the Dairy Research Institute at And. A chance meeting in the midst of DRP. Current and Mr.. Tribunals Patella changed DRP. Currents life and the course of Indians dairy industry. Though the purpose of this meeting was to simply to elicit some expert help from DRP. Current on commissioning some of the equipment Just purchased by his co-operative, especially the chilling and bespattering equipment, the two men instantly struck a rapport.After the commissioning problem was solved, DRP. Currents involvement with the Karri partition Co-operative milk Producers Union moderate (that was the name of the co- operative registered) grew proverbially and it soon extended to the larger sociological issues involved in organizing the farmers into co-operatives and running these cooperatives effectively. He observed the exploitation of farmers by the private milk an nonators and Polygons Dairy and understood how co-operatives could transform the lives of the members.At first, the main exercise was collection and processing of the milk brought everyday by the member farmers to the local office of the co- operative. It was soon realized that it was non enough to merely act as the collection and selling agents for the farmers. A variety of support work were required to enable the farmers to continue selling t inheritor milk of adequate shade and to avoid disasters such as death of their cattle (for a family owning Just one or two cattle and pending on its milk for their in recognize, death of cattle could indeed be a disaster).The farmers were progressively tending(p) refreshful services such as ex-serviceman care for their cattle, offer of cattle feed of good quality, education on better eating of cattle and facilities for artificial insemination of their cattle 2 . All these were strictly on applyment basis none of the services were free. This experiment of organizing farmers into co-operatives was one of the be quiet to victoryful experienced prosperity on a scale they could non have dreamt often years earlier, since with good prices remunerat ive for their milk, raising cover cattle could becomes good planetary source of revenue to many households.The co-operatives were grow to cover more and more areas of Gujarat and in each area, a web of local hamlet aim co-operatives and district direct co-operatives were organize on a excogitation similar to that at And (the so called And pattern). Karri District cooperative Milk Producers Union became better known by the brand name of the products commercializeed by it (Maul) than by the name of the co-operative itself. Maul meant price little in Sanskrit. It was overly a word that was easy to pronounce, easy to remember and that carried a on the whole positive connotation. This became the flagship brand for all the dairy products made by this Union.In 1954, Karri District Co-operative Milk Producers Union built a plant to convert redundance milk produced in the raw seasons into milk powder and butter 3 . In 1958, a plant to manufacture cheese and one to produce baby f ood were added. Subsequent years saw the addition of more plants to produce different products. In 1973, the milk societies/district take aim amounts headstrong to set up a marketing chest of drawers to market their products. This agency was the GAMMA. It was registered as a co-operative society on 9 July 1973 4 It had, as its members (ordinary share holders), the district train milk unions.No individual could become a shareholder in GAMMA. Starting from a daily procurance of 250 liters per day in 1946, GAMMA had become a milk giant with the milk procurance at about 4 million liters per day by 1999 with 12 dairy plants all over the farming of Gujarat. The Structure of the And purpose The most central feature of the milk co-operative system of Gujarat that evolved was that they were run not by a separate bureaucracy with its own vested interests, but by the member-farmers themselves, with all the major decisions being taken by he latter(prenominal) alone.Any farmer could be come a member by committing to put up a certain quantity of milk for a certain number of eld in a year and would continue to be a member only if he kept up this commitment. Each day, the farmers (or, actually, in most cases, their wives and daughters) would bring their milk to the village collection centers where the milk would be check up on for the quantity in just view of all, and the quality (the fatty content) would be checked through a simple hydrometer, again in full view of all. The farmers would be paid in the evening for the milk use by them in the morning, and in the morning for the evening milk.This presentiments in money was a great attraction to the farmers who were usually cash starved. Thanks to the in a higher place mechanism, there were no disputes regarding quantity or quality of the milk supplied by each farmer. The co-operative system formed under the so-called And pattern had a terzetto-tiered structure (Exhibit 3). At the base was the village level da iry co-operative society. This was unruffled of the milk producers, mostly residents of the same area, who had Joined the co-operative society. A typical social station figure would be about 200. A managing committee, of Chairperson.Care was taken to ensure that these meetings were held, and seen to be held, in an open and transparent manner. The next level was at the district, and this co-operative (called unions) had, as its members, the village dairy co-operative societies within the district, represented by the Chairpersons of the village level societies. For this co-operative, a Board footrests, consisting of 12 persons, was elected from among the members (I. E. , the Chairpersons of the village level co- operatives), with its own point Executive, called the Managing Director.The third bevel was at the State, where the cooperative (GAMMA in Gujarat) was formed with district level milk unions (and certain other milk unions from other states) as members. The State level gover nance was called the Federation. The Board of Directors of the Federation consisted of the Chairpersons of the district level cooperatives as the members, and in addition, the following ex officiousness 1 . The Registrar of Co-operatives of the State concerned. 2. A representative from the National Dairy out addition Board (ENDS), which was a soundbox created by the Government of India to replicate the And pattern in the otherStates of India. 3. One nominated technical expert. 4. The Managing Director (CEO) of the State level federation. GAMMA was the State level federation for Gujarat. Broadly, the village level co-operatives did the procurement the district level did the transportation and processing and the Federation marketed the product. The Federation also handled strategic planning and investment. Each of the levels had a substantial amount of autonomy. For example, the village level societies decided perfectly on their own, as to who should be admitted as a member, and wh at price the farmers should be paid for their milk. gum olibanum the prices aid to farmers by different village societies in the State could be, and in fact were different. The district level unions purchased milk from the village level societies and decided what price tollhouse pay for the milk supplied by the village level societies. They, in turn, supplied milk to the State level Union, which decided what price it would pay the district unions. The price paid to all the district unions was the same. In this system, GAMMA planned what products it would sell and fit out to manufacture for each year and how much.Milk products were produced at different factories all over the State. These were owned by the district unions. There were, for example, six butter factories and septette milk powder factories in Gujarat. GAMMA did not heaviest own factories as such until recently, when it had set up a dairy at ever-changing high-priced Mohammedan, the capital of Gujarat State. There was a committee, called the Programming Committee, which consisted of (I) Managing Director of GAMMA (it) Managing Directors of the Distinctions (iii) Their Head, grapheme Control, GAMMA and (iv) Head, Finance, GAMMA.Discomfited finally decided the product mix for the approach path year, found on the plans made by GAMMA, and translated the Lana into monthly allocations for each union for the milk to be supplied. As on April 2000, there were 10,800 village level co-operatives in Gujarat under the GAMMA umbrella with 2. 1 million milk producers. Out of districts in Gujarat, there were district level unions in 12 districts 5 A pattern similar to the And pattern had been built in other States in India also. This was done under a programmer pieceed by the Government offload, under the title Operation Flood.The movement was coordinate by National Dairy Development Board (ENDS), a body formed by the Government of India with this objective. DRP. Current was the Chairperson of the ENDS and the main contemptible force behind this programmer. As on April 2000, there were 22 State federations in India, with 170 district level unions, 72,774 village level societies and 9. 31 million milk producer members in the different States. Each of the State level federations marketed their own brands. Maul was the brand marketed by GAMMA. Vagina was the brand name marketed bathe federation in the State of Andorra Pradesh.Interestingly, the State level federations could market their own products under their own brands anywhere in India, thus competing against heir sister federations. Thus GAMMA could market its Maul brand butter in Andorra Pradesh competing with Vagina butter. It was believed by the officials of the National Dairy Development Board that such emulation was healthy and would curb monopolistic tendencies. Objectives and Business Philosophy of GAMMA The main stakeholder of GAMMA was the farmer member for whose welfare, the GAMMA executives felt, it existed.Thus in an evoke reply, the Managing director of GAMMA, Mr.. B. M. Vass, told the case writer Unlike other organizations, our objective is not maximize our profit. After all, the rammers themselves are the owners of the Federation. We are restricted, by our bye- laws, to giving a maximum of 12 percent on the peptidase capital as the dividend. So we are more interested in giving the better price for the farmers for their milk than in making a large profit. Thus we look at the price given to our suppliers as not a cost but as an objective.GAMMA had, as its main objective, carrying out activities for the economical development of agriculturists by efficiently organizing marketing of milk and dairy produce, veterinary medicines, vaccines and other animal health products, agricultural produce in raw and/or processed form and other allied produce 6 . This was to be done through Common branding Centralized marketing Centralized quality control Centralized purchases and Pooling of milk efficien tly.GAMMA had declared, as its billet philosophy, the following 7 To serve the interests of milk producers To provide quality products that offer the best prize to consumers for money spent. The biggest strength of GAMMA was the trust it had created in the bewares of its consumers regarding the quality of its products. GAMMA, and its brand Maul, explained Mr.. Vass, stood for guaranteed laurels of whatever products it had such trust was hardtop come by, this could provide a central anchor for Gammas future channel plans, give tongue to Mr.. Was.Organization Structure of GAMMA (See Exhibit 4) GAMMA was a lean organization, which their executives believed led to a cost advantage. At its headquarters in the town of And, three General Managers and two assistant General Managers back up the Managing Director (or the Chief Executive). The three General Managers looked after the functions of Marketing, Human Resource Development (HARD) and Quality Assurance. The General Manager (M arketing) was in charge of the whole marketing operation of the dairy products, liquid milk and ice cream.This General Manager was assisted by one Assistant General Manager (Marketing, Dairy Products) 8 and Managers (Commercial), (Exports) and (Liquid Milk). The General Manager (HARD) also looked after non-poisonous fossil embrocates, administration, legal matters and new opportunities. The whole country was divided into five zones, each headed by a Zonal Manager responsible for the gross revenue of all the products under his zone. They account to the Chief Executive (Managing Director), but functionally each ported also to the versatile Assistant General Managers/General Managers at the headquarters. Ender the zonal managers were the branch managers. broadly speaking there were three product managers in each branch inform to the branch manger one each for the edible oil, dairy products and ice cream. They were assisted by gross sales officers and field salesperson. There w ere 48 sales offices spread over the country (of which only two were in Gujarat). The entire country had been represented in this structure. GAMMA had one overseas office, at Dublin. GAMMA had links with the Institute of Rural Management, And (IRMA), a premier forethought institute set up to produce Mambas who would work in country-bred areas.GAMMA attracted a number of its managers from the IRMA graduates, as well as from other business schools in India, although not from its premier management schools. The salaries offered by GAMMA were decent, but nowhere near those offered bathe private sector, especially multi-national corporations. The gap among the salaries that could be offered by organizations such as GAMMA and the salaries expected by graduates from business schools was increasing in recent years. GAMMA executives, in interviews with the case writer, did not see this as a major robber.They stated that GAMMA in any case had never relied on talent from top business school s, since the graduated form these schools would not fit with the culture and value systems in the company. The Managing Director, Mr.. B. M. Vass was of the view that GAMMA offered dainty prospects for growth and Job satisfaction, and it would not find it difficult to attract suitable talent 9 GAMMA had an extensive sales and distribution system and a cold twine network starting from the milk producer and ending at the eventual(prenominal) consumer. It had a dealer network of 3600 dealers and 400,000 retailers, one of the largest such outworks in India.A cold chain had been established that linked all these dealers could ensure chilling of milk Quick transportation to the district Union facilities where the milk could be get on chilled and dispatched to the consumers or to the processing units for conversion into milk products Chilled trucks which could transport the milk products such as butter and cheese in refrigerated condition from the factories local chilling of milk to ensure its quick distribution to the customers through a network of trucks in many cities so that most consumers could have their milk cachets by 6 A. M. F not earlier Deep freezers and infrigidation equipment in the dealers premises to keep the products cold and prevent their deterioration and Facilities in super markets and even larger retail stores to keep the products fresh. GAMMA had excellent relationships with what could be called super markets in India (actually these were Just large departmental stores) which stocked with their products, especially cheese, butter, milk powder, amiables and, in some cases, milk. Diversification Moves by GAMMA eve at the time of its formation, GAMMA had three major products in its portfolio quid milk, butter and milk powder.Gradually, many new products were added to its range, largely milk derivatives. In milk alone, it sold full cream milk, semi tone milk, and fully toned milk, all with different names and in promptly identifiable pou ches. By reducing the fat, it could not only sell individually fat derivatives such as cream and butter (which were also products that yielded a higher margin), but also make the resultant milk acquirable at cheaper prices, so that poorer people also could consume milk.It had undertaken a unique experiment in the asses to supply milk to places as ar away as Delhi and Calcutta through insulated rail tankers, and this was so successful that it had continued since then. In the asses, GAMMA introduced its cheddar cheese and in 1983, a cheese spread. In the same year, it entered also the sweet market (milk based) through the introduction of Maul Shrinking, a sweetish sour item produced by milk and curd (a form of yogurt). Malay, a dairy whitener was introduced and was priced below the wonted brands and soon became the market attracter.In asses, GAMMA introduced a whole lot of new products a condensed milk called Maul Imitate Maul Elite, a low fat, low cholesterin spread utter, and M aul ice cream. After 1996, it went on to introduce a still greater variety of products pizza (mozzarella) cheese, cheese slice, cheese powder, Mali pander(a form of cottage cheese), gulag Cajun(a sweet primer to be processed by belatedly frying to make a sweet called gulag Cajun), buttermilk, a chocolate based broadleaved Intramural and chocolates. In 1996, GAMMA launched its Maul brand ice cream. Naiads ice cream market was estimated to be around RSI. 8 billion in the year 2000. GAMMA launched its ice creams in fourteen flavors in the city of Iambi and the State of Gujarat. It was priced at about 30 percent less than the prevailing prices, and it also emphasized that it was fully vegetarian, I. E. , it did not contain any gelatin. This was an serious attribute tomato consumers in Gujarat, which was a predominantly vegetarian state. In less than a year, Maul ice cream commanded a share of about 55 percent in Gujarat and 30 percent in Iambi 10 had reached 30 percent.In 1997, GAMMA also scored a major achievement when it managed to get some of the co-operatives in the other States of the country, trying to launch their own ice cream brands, to sell all their ice creams under the Maul brand name. This enabled Comfit leverage the capacity of more than 180 co-operatives in the country, with a milk procurement of more than 11 million liters per day, and located close to the markets 1 1 In addition, it also diversified into non-milk products. The most important of this diversification was into edible oils in 1988.At that time, the prices of edible oils were being manipulated by oil traders with the result that the prices were shooting up to unacceptable levels. Even though oil seed growers co-operatives existed, most of them were run badly and losing money. Edible oils have unendingly been a very sensitive abject in India,leading to even locate of governments. Hence the government persuaded ENDS to arrange for procurement of clean, unadulterated groundnut oil a nd sell it through its own outlets. Thus it was meatyly a market intervention operation.Besides, this provided ENDS to reorganize the groundnut farmers co- operatives as it had done with milk producing farmers four decades earlier. Gujarat was the right State for this experiment, since more than 60 percent of the country groundnut oil production was accounted for by Gujarat. GAMMA marketed this oil on behalf ENDS. GAMMA launched a new brand, named Dharma (literally meaning low), not wanting to carry over the Maul brand name which was deeply associated in the public mind with milk derivatives. Outsold its oil on a platform of absolute purity, a claim it could Justifiably make.Since much of the edible oil in India was (and continues to be) adulterated, purity could be a differentiating factor. It also coined a slogan, Dharma, Shut Dharma, meaning, literally, flow, pure flow. The launch was also supported by an advertising campaign with a tricky Jingle. Later, mustard and certain oth er oils were also marketed under the Dharma brand name. Even though the IL traders fought backbiter and often violently, and used their political connections to the full, Dharma was able toehold its own and became the leading brand of packaged edible oils.However, it must be said datelining in edible oils was found to be a far more difficult task as compared to dealing in milk, and the success achieved in organizing groundnut farmers into co-operatives was limited. In the late asses, GAMMA undertook distribution of growth based products on behalf of ENDS. This was done under yet another brand name introduced by GAMMA Sofas (literally meaning fruitful, having achieved). Under this name hereafter a mango rink sold under attracted (also in meek mall. Sizes to be served in aircraft), tomato ketchup, and a mixed fruit Jam.In fact, the launches of all these products were completed during a single year, 1998-99. The success of these products was very limited as on the year 2000. By the y ear 2000, the range of products marketed GAMMA was genuinely wide three varieties of milk, flavored milk, buttermilk, four varieties family powder, two varieties of butter, five varieties of cheese, two varieties of ghee clarified butter), chocolates, chocolate drink, sweets, ice cream, edible oils and fruit and vegetable based rodents. Exhibit 5 gives the product portfolio of GAMMA as on the year 2000. At the Iambi.Except in ice creams, chocolate and chocolate-based beverages, Maul brand was the market leader in each and every one of its products. Exhibit 5 also shows the market shares of the various products of GAMMA. Its main sources of competitive advantage were seen its executives as (I) low costs due to the elimination of middle men, a lean organization and relatively lower pay scales as compared to Macs (it) its scale and mountain chain of trading operations and (iii)its strong brand name which stood for purity and laity. Out of the come in procurement of 4. 6 million lit ers of milk per day by GAMMA, about 2. one million million liters were sold as liquid milk and the rest as milk products. The milk consumption in India in 1999 at about 225 grams per day was still way below that in developed countries, and even less than in many developing countries. The variation in availability between rural and urban areas was strikingly high 121 grams vs.. 400 grams per day. Thus there was a need and scope for increasing the consumption of milk in its liquid form, especially in rural areas, although for every rupee spent, the rubbing value of milk was way below other high protein and fat items, both vegetarian and non-vegetarian.It was expected that by the year 2011-12, the milk production in India would reach 180. 76 million tons, and the per capita consumption would be about 547 grams 12 . Exports were negligible about RSI. 271 million in 1999-2000 13 Out of Gammas total income of RSI. 18 billion, nigh(a)ly RSI. 2. 75 billion was accounted for by sale of li quid milk about RSI. 3 billion by the sale of edible oils RSI. 4 billion by butter about RSI. 2. 4 billion by ice creams and the rest by the other products. The exact insularism of these products was not available.The share of processed fruits and vegetable items was still quite small. The growth evaluate of Gammas sales in differentiates were quite different. The following table gives the approximate growth rates in these segments Table 1 Growth rates in Gammas Businesses (Percent) 1996-97 1997-98 1998-99 Liquid milk procurement 24. 6 3. 8 3. 6 Liquid milk N. A. 14 10 Butter 27 8 13 Cheese N. A. 37 39 Ghee 41 31 N. A. Milk powder 0 0 18 Ice cream N. A. cytosine 100 Edible oils 13 20 18 (N. A. Stands for not applicable). Source GAMMA Annual reports.The profit margin in milk was generally low, due to the need to keep down the price of this essential commodity, which was also consumed by the poor and the lower of milk consumption, especially by the poorer people, and hence to achie ve its objective, GAMMA endeavored to keep the price of liquid milk as low as it could. Edibles were also low margin items, their sales prices being controlled rigidly by the government and input prices being fundamentally set by the oil traders. In the words of Mr.. Current, they were in this business due to larger societal considerations than for the sake of profits.Competition in Different Products The genius of competition varied among the different products. In the case of liquid milk, competition was from private dairies and contractors. There was also competition from newly emerging private dairies that had started supplying milk to the consumers as well as sweet makers. There was intense competition for the supply of milk, which was sought after, especially in the fete seasons, by the sweet makers who derived large profits from the sale of their sweets. Consumers were generally not very particular about the brand of liquid milk, so that the sales pended to a large extent on dealer push.However, there was scope to establish differentiation through appraising the customers of the quality not only of the initial milk itself, but also the quality of the supply chain, which ensured the stableness of milk. For butter and cheese, new entrants were making their mark. Britannic, a firm engaged in manufacture and sale of biscuits, had entered into foods business, and more particularly in milk and milk related products such as butter. Britannic had introduced new forms of cheese such as cheddar cheese slices, and supported its rodents with extensive advertising campaigns.It was believed that advertisements vie a powerful roller the demand for particular brands of butter and cheese. The sweet market was highly fragmented, heterogeneous small time local operators producing their own brands and unbranded forms of sweets. The sales of sweets soared in the festival seasons, drawing milk supply by offering higher prices. Other food companies such as Hindustan Lever L td. (HALL), a subsidiary of Milliners, and Nestle had also entered into the business of situate made or near ready sweets (such s gulag Cajun, which Just needful tube deep fried to get it ready).Branded ready or near ready sweets were advertised and heavily promoted through campaigns such as through mail orders to housewives. The ice creams market was an emerging marketing India, witnessing the entry of many players. The national scene was dominated bandstand Lever with its Quality and Walls brands, score for about 45 percent of the market. GAMMA was the other national player, with about 30 percent of the market. There were, in addition, very powerful regional players such as Vidalia Ice Creams in the WesternIndia who commanded substantial (in excess of 30 percent) of the regional market shares. Ice creams were largely promoted through local promotions, hoardings (billboards) and advertisements. roughly ice creams, Mr.. Vass said in an interview with the case writer In ice crea ms, positioning and promotions are not the only things. Indian ice cream market is likely to expand very rapidly. The Indian consumerism changing. They will not Just stick to milk. Ice creams will no longish be made at home. A large number of consumers with usable incomes will seek value added products, including ice

Show the importance of four women to Jane Eyre’s development

The four people who played a portentous vary in Jane Eyres stolon life whilst to a fault influencing the development of her character, were Mrs. Reed, Bessie, everyplacelook synagogue and Helen Burns. All four of these women had hard beliefs to the highest degree how women should behave, in addition to possessing a loggerheaded rooted passion for their give religious beliefs. This es dictate go away discuss how each of these women shaped the person that Jane Eyre became. Initially, I will be looking at Mrs Reed who is Janes aunt through marriage and discussing how strong she was to Janes early life. Mrs. Reed had responsibility for Jane, as sole carer, a design that neither Jane nor Mrs. Reed were happy with.Their relationship was one of hatred and oecumenical dis manage on both parts. Indeed, Mrs. Reed so disliked Jane, horizontal from a junior age that she tr releaseed her worse than one of the servants of the ho custom. It was not that she did not like children, a s she had s incessantlyal of her own to whom she showed great cacoethes and affection. However, so acute was the resentment that she held for Jane that she frequently separated her from the activities planned for her own children, declaring that they were intended only for contented, happy little children.Unfortunately, exclusion such as this only succeeded in embittering Jane and causing a larger rift amidst herself and her aunt. Additionally, these actions to a fault succeeded in Jane developing a general dislike for her cousins, in particular Master John Reed, who behaved as equally disgracefully towards Jane, side by side(p) the example laid down by his mother. He treated her like a rat whose actual existence was in operative. Infact, the relationship between the cardinal deteriorated to such a degree that it resulted in a physical rail line which ended up with Jane being imprisoned in the Red Room.Although the pattern had been to punish Jane, the Red Room actually assiste d Jane in bonny a stronger person, which in twisting resulted in Mrs. Reed becoming noble of her unwanted niece. Jane had time to reflect and realise the weapons that would most offend her aunt, that is, to turn her aunts religious convictions back upon herself, as can be seen when she relates in the heading of the mature Jane. But I ought to forgive you, for you knew not what you did While rend my heart-strings, you thought you were only uprooting my bad propensities.Not only does she blasphemously merged the dying words of Christ upon the cross in her speech, but she also professes forgiveness, which follows the word of the Lord. Mrs. Reed had anticipate bitterness, hatred and spite as a response to her punishment, but instead is faced with an apparent religious conviction, which undermines her actions and leaves her scatterbrained as to future responses. Jane had grown strong through her abuse and would in future enjoy the opportunity to un-nerve her tormentors. This spee ch is a prelude to the personality of the new Jane that is to come.Another example of this change is witnessed by Mrs. Reed after attempting to ruin Janes prospects of attending Lowood School when she provided ill-intended advice to Mr. Brocklehurst. However, on this occasion Jane does not use faith to un-nerve Mrs. Reed but explodes with the rage of a ten course of study old when she says I dislike you the worst of anybody in the world remove John Reed, and then continues in her tirade with, I am glad you are no relation of mine. I will neer call you aunt again as long as I live, I will never come to see you when I am grown up and if anyone asks me how I liked you,I will say the very thought of you makes me sick. This speech leaves its recipient wanting resign of its orator more(prenominal) than ever and hence Jane succeeds in her plan to be rid of her aunt and her wretched cousins, as she leaves to attend the school Mr Lloyd had suggested she tended to(p) after the Red room incident. However, she again leaves the aunt feeling un-nerved as the rest of her angry outburst had told of how her uncle would seek revenge on the fouled aunt for her poor treatment of his niece.Although it can be clearly seen that the twain never liked each other, it is apparent that Jane learnt a lot from her aunt, including what is expected of a young lady, how people should be treated in fix to prosper in life and she learnt about the church and religion. This brings us to the succeeding(prenominal) significant influence in Jane Eyres life. Bessie was a servant at Mrs. Reeds manse in Gateshead Hall and was the first person who showed Jane real get along and friendship. She was habituated to natural endowment Jane treats and creating songs about her, such as Poor Miss Jane is to be pitied.On the night that Jane was locked in the Red Room having her species fit, it was Bessie who was at her side, making sure that the young girl was alright and ensuring that she had some thing to drink, or eat, taking care of her needs. For Bessie was of the opinion that Mrs Reed was far too toughened on the young girl and thus had great sympathy for Miss Eyre. This can be seen when Bessie helps to prepare Jane for her departure to attend school at Lowood. Bessie has tea with the young Miss. Eyre in the absence of Mrs. Reed and the children, grabbing the opportunity to differentiate Jane that she was fonder of her than all the others.Despite that fact that Bessie was only a servant, she teaches Jane to become a strong char who should not settle for anything less than honesty and commitment. It is also through Bessies eyes that Jane sees the purer side of Gods make do, as Bessie was also a strong Christian who tried to let Jane see that she lived her life according to his word, which is what brought her familiar peace. The third person who played a significant role in Jane Eyres life was her teacher at Lowood School, Miss. Temple, who was superintendent in charg e of Janes perfunctory life at school. However, unlike Mrs. Reed, Jane admired this woman with the sense of admiring veneration, as it was Miss. Temple who had cleared Janes blackened name. After Mrs. Reed had verbalize to Mr. Brocklehurst about what a bad child Jane was, and how she resembled the devil in her actions, he had taken this information and publicly humiliated Jane with it. However, Miss. Temple managed to re-address this venomous rumour and restore Janes good name, whilst also helping Jane to see that she no-longer had to be the outsider, as the other girls at the school were happy to be her friends.In short, Miss. Temple, with her healthy, truthful smile, offers Jane opportunities in life, something that had previously been denied to her. She showed Jane care, from the young girls first day at Lowood, trying to make her feel comfortable and included. She also recognised a child in need of love and thus showed her some affection, giving hugs, something only one othe r person had done for Jane before.Hence, Jane felt indebted(predicate) to Miss. Temple and declares To her instruction I owed the best part of my acquirement. So strong an influence was this person on Janes life that when Miss. Temple remaining the school and got married, Jane felt that Lowood was no-longer a home. Arguably therefore, she too, like the other significant factors in Janes life, had an impact on the woman that Jane became. Miss. Temple also held deep religious convictions and as Janes teacher, influenced Jane to live her life as a young religious woman who obeyed the word of the Lord. Nevertheless, of all the religious influences in Jane Eyres early life, perhaps the most influential of all was her one and only certain young friend, Helen Burns.Her love of Helen is evident in the following speech nor ever ceased to cherish for her a sentiment of attachment as strong, tender and respectful as any that ever animated my heart. The two girls first meeting illustrates an instant connection, as Helen was reading a book, and Jane was a sagacious reader, who love nothing more than to be lost in stories, which were a means to escape her dreadful reality with Mrs. Reed and her cousins. Helen is an intelligent, knowledgeable and obedient young lady, which leads to the two girls sharing some an opposing discussion about forbearance and religious beliefs.One such discussion centres on love and Janes desire for it If others dont love me, I would rather die than live I cannot bare to be solitary and hated. However, Helen conveys that for her, the love of the Lord is the superior love of all and in knowing that he is watching over her, it is enough for her to be happy and confident in who she is. For as she states, this love is more meaningful than that temporary love of human beings, as it lasts forever. Indeed, many of their conversations ultimately referred back to God in some way or another, no-matter from where the discussion had originated.Jane rar ely argued with Helens religious convictions as she was in fact in complete awe of her I was struck with wonder. Even when discussing death, Helen had an popular opinion of woe. Helens deeply rooted religious beliefs made her unafraid of the inevitable, as she knew that the end of this life on earth was not the end of the story. Helen intemperately believed in an eternal afterlife in Heaven which was difficult for Jane to record and come to terms with. Jane knew that when her friend died, she would mourn her loss as she loved her so much, but she knew that Helen would not have wanted this, as it was against Gods will.Nonetheless, the battle within religion, supplied by the major influences in Janes early life, shaped the woman who she became. The vengeful and fearful Almighty, espoused by Mrs. Reed, was to be rejected but the more caring, loving and forgiving God that was evident in Bessie, Miss. Temple and Helen for certain played a part in a blossoming Jane Eyre, who grew to be a bright, outspoken, and bold woman. Although not filled with religious conviction herself, Jane admitted to the significant influence that these women who did believe, had played in shaping who she had grown to be in adulthood.

Ikea History and Swot Essay

fibIngvar Kamprad, IKEAs founder, has a very intriguing and impressive life story. Kamprad was a very intelligent young Swedish boy who speedyly sour into the 5th wealthiest man in the world. His net worth is now $4.2 billion. At a very early age Kamprad started his selling knowledge. When he was undecomposed 5 twelvemonths old he would buy matches in bulge at a cheap chisel in in Stockholm and re-sell them approximately his neighborhood at low monetary values, but enough to make a hefty profit. Kamprads selling continued and expanded from flowers to greeting cards to pencils and pens throughout the 1920s. As Kamprads spateiness skills growingd he began studying the sell prices of diverse items in Sweden.He recognized that article of furniture prices had increase by 41% in 1935 and realized how profit fit this bea of retailing could be. In 1943, at age 17 Kamprad received money from his father for his successful studies and utilize the money to create a business. IKEA was then formed, standing for Ingvar Kamprads initials (I.K.) and the out mystifyth letter of the farm he lived on, Elmtaryd (E) and the first letter of the village he lived in, Agunnard (A.) Kamprad created his furniture line in 1948 aiming for furniture that would be affordably priced. He began besides selling his furniture through magazine advertisements.In 1953 the first saleroom undefendable in Almhult Sweden. This was the first time consumers could physically see and heart the IKEA furniture before ordering them. 3 years later the look for flat packs and self-assembly furniture gave rise one of IKEAs co-workers had to remove the legs of a table to fit into their car without damaging the surroundings. (IKEA Official Page) In 1958 the first IKEA storage was opened in Almhult Sweden. It was the queen- surfacedst furniture stock in S seatdinavia at the time with 6,700 squ atomic occur 18 meters.Two years after the chess hatch mien the throw in Kamprad introduced the first IKEA restaurant which was rigid inside the furniture store building. Kamprad expanded his store foreign of Sweden in 1963 by opening an IKEA store in Norway. Within ten years IKEA stores were being opened outside of Scandinavian countries and expanding into 3 to a greater extent continents (IKEA Official Webpage.) maven of the most young elaborations was into the Dominican Republic in 2010. IKEA is in the process of opening brand-new stores and developing the most innovative furniture w ars of today.Store LocationsAfter IKEA opened in Sweden in 1958, it quickly moved into other Scandinavian countries opening stores in Norway in 1963 and in Denmark in 1969. Throughout the 1970s IKEA cursorily spread through Europe. The first store outside of Scandinavia opened in Switzerland and quickly after IKEA made its presence in Germany. In 1975 IKEA arrived in Australia and opened its first store in Sydney. Throughout the 1970s IKEA withal opened stores in Japan, Hong Kong, The N etherlands and Singapore. Germany has IKEAs biggest commercialize with 46 stores in the domain. by-line Germany is the United States with 38 stores across the orbit. As of right now, IKEA has not appeared in developing countries, but is still planning for more(prenominal) global expansion (Countries.) IKEA group has continued growing every year and is now a large retail experience with over 123,000 co-workers. IKEAs employees serving render annual gross gross revenue of more than 21.5 billion dollars.The stores positionings are move strategically. The location is near major roads, freeways and public transportation. Although the stores are not normally placed in densely populated areas, IKEA is still successful and reaps high business repayable to the Huff Gravity model. Since IKEA stores are so large and carry a wide range of intersections, heap are imparting to maintain a further distance to their stores. The largest IKEA store is in Stockholm, Sweden with a sizin g of 55,200 square meters and following behind it is the Shanghai, China store with a surface of 49,400 square meters (IKEA) In 2011 IKEA announced a plan to build a wind farm in Sweden to help IKEA achieve its ecological purpose of running on 100 percent renewable energy.The next year IKEA made another announcement about the company creating a range of 100 economy hotels in Europe. However, these IKEA hotels will not follow the very(prenominal) IKEA brand name and will not be furnished with IKEAs furniture. The list below contains the country and number of IKEA stores present in the country, class-conscious in order of their opening dates Sweden (17), Norway (6), Denmark (5), Switzerland (7), Germany (46), Japan (5), Australia (7), Canada (12), Hong Kong (3), Austria (6), Singapore (2), The Netherlands (12), Spain (15), Iceland (1), France (28), Saudi Arabia (3), Belgium (6), capital of Kuwait (1), United States (38), United Kingdom (18), Italy (20), Hungary (2), Poland (8), Czech Republic (5), United Arab Emirates (2), Slovakia (1), mainland China (4), Finland (4), Malaysia (1), Russia (14), Israel (2), Greece (4), Portugal (3), Greece (5), Portugal (3), Brazil (3), Turkey (5), Romania (1), Cyprus (1), Ireland (1), Dominican Republic (1), Brazil (1), Bulgaria (1) and Thailand (1).Target commercialiseIKEA strives to put one across a wide signal marketplaceplace, wanting heap close to the world of all different demographics and psychographics to purchase IKEA products. IKEA defines its global mark market as young people of all ages including individuals, families, design exteriors, and hospitality businesses same hotels. IKEAs target auditory sense embarrasss but is not trammel to age groups of 18 to 34 and 35 to 49 years old. IKEA taperes on college and post tweak aged individuals. IKEAs target market contains both sexes. IKEAs target market emblematicly lives in urban college and metropolitan areas. The salaries of the target market can range from $15,000 to $50,000 and are normally spending their money on technology products (such(prenominal) as iPhones and iPads.).IKEAs target earshot engages in a quick paced lifestyle that may include locomotionling and pathetic often, for example moving from apartment to apartment or to an upgraded home. Due to this mover lifestyle they are normally looking for a cheap, sluttish to build product that can be packed tightly. Because of their median income, the consumer is not very status scrupulous and is not searching for expensive designer furniture. The shoppers personalities are relaxed and/or yeasty and artistic.They are considerably fashionable and search for trends, but love to get deals simultaneously. They want to do things themselves (which follows closely with IKEAs do it yourself product attitude) and charge about the environment (Rowe.) IKEA also focuses on budget conscious families. This target market is beginning to start a more domestic lifestyle. The famili es usually absorb young children. To satisfy this target market most IKEA stores include a daycare or child-watch section for the children inside the stores. Although this target audience is in a different s go aftere in their life, they still delay similar habits and lifestyle as the previously described target audience (Rowe.)Product AssortmentIKEA is a retailer of home furnishings. You can go back anything you need for every room in your house at IKEA. From the IKEA formalized website, their departments include Bathroom Living roomBedroom Office furnitureCooking OutdoorDecoration Secondary storageDining subtile storageEating Textiles & rugsHallway Youth roomKitchen Childrens IKEA airstream IKEA FAMILY productsLighting (IKEA Official Webpage) IKEA sells items ranging in these categories and they even provide clients with the utility to help them create their own kitchen, closets and office with IKEA products. Their kitchen values include Total chuck Management, Delivery, I nstallation and more. Their individual kitchen planning start at $199 and their measuring serve start at $49. In IKEA retail locations, they also take a leak IKEA Food. They mystify a restaurant where they sell their own assortment of Swedish food, located inside the IKEA retail store.Customers can sit down in a cafeteria style dining and admire IKEAs famous Swedish meatballs and lowbush cranberry drink at amazingly low prices. In IKEA, there is also a Bistro/Exit Caf right at the checkout where they sell typical American food, ranging from 75 cents to $4, such as hot dogs, chips, soda, frozen yoghourt and more. IKEA also has their own grocery section where they sell Swedish food.The IKEA formalized website states that the IKEA Swedish Food is based on Swedish recipes and traditions, the wide alternative of food and drink runs from frozen meatballs to sweets and coffee. Youll save time and money whether youre making a meal for your whole family or putting unneurotic the men u for a party (IKEA). Their food categories include Beverages, Easy to prepare, Meat, angle & seafood, Pastries, desserts & cookies, Sweets, chocolates & snacks and Swedish celebrations. The last category has food items such as Swedish Christmas drink, cheese pie, Rhubarb crumble tart, and frozen Saffron rolls.SWOT compendStrengths* Low prices IKEA has a strong theory based on religious offering a wide range of rise up, designed, functional products at low prices. They have created a design that is a balance between function, whole tone, design and price which appeals to customers in tough financial times. Their pricing strategy appeals to consumers both with limited financial resources and those with higher budgets searching for stylish, modern furniture. Due to Porters generic strategies, IKEA follows an integrated cost leadership and differentiation strategy. * Products ease of assembly IKEA products come with clear instruction manual making it easy for anyone to assemble the product without the help of a professional.* Location and design of store (the IKEA store experience) IKEA locations are successful because of the Huff Gravity Model due to the large size of IKEA, people are willing to go the irrelevant locations where IKEAs are located. IKEAs store design is very unique. The layout is designed in such a way that makes customers go through the entire store to get to their final purchase. A lot of customers go to IKEA for its unusual experience. * globose positioning IKEA is available throughout the world and they cater their products to each country they go into. For example, they redesign the size of the beds for the different countries.American consumers need large sized bedding differentiating from the European consumers who had smaller, longer beds. * Reputation for products and company IKEA customers enjoy the modern look of IKEA products because the target market consists of creative individuals searching for trendy products. IKEAs br and is ranked globally at number 28 and ranked number 1 for sustainable image by be the Brands Overview (Brand Ranking.) * Large catalogue croak IKEAs yearly catalogue reaches several(prenominal) countries and easily advertises IKEA products to those customers. Their catalogue is distributed in 36 countries, in 27 languages and in 52 different versions.Weaknesses* Product quality IKEA has been known for having poor quality products. But the need for low cost products sum there has to be a compromise between quality and price. * Poor customer service Because of IKEAs do it yourself model and very straight forward instructions eliminates the need for a help desk and intensive customer service. Customer service is important to ensure complete shopping experience and ensure borrow business. * Massive store growth- IKEA is experiencing problems in a couple of their home markets. One example is the UK is expanding the number of IKEA store locations but the number of shoppers is not in creasing.This means that there is a constant number of visitors divided by a larger number of retail outlets producing fewer shoppers per store. In the past consumers would travel large distances to visit stores and each store a had a large number of visitors, now the amount of consumers purchasing IKEA products has not increased in numbers but they are able to visit a more local store. These new store locations reduce the footfall per store and sales density (SWOT Analysis IKEA.)Opportunities* Financial condition Because of the current financial condition, consumers are trading down from expensive stores to the low priced products offered at IKEA. * IKEA website IKEA has an opportunity to grow through expanding their online shopping. IKEA website only has a few items you can purchase and IKEA will ship it to your house or you can pick it up at an IKEA location near you. IKEA could expand their online product offerings and services to increase product sales.* Smaller stores IKEA sto re locations are distant and large and they can show advantage of opening smaller stores in more dense locations where people can buy small home products or buy their Swedish food. IKEA must only open these new store locations in places where the number of customers is increasing, to avoid a reduction in footfall per store ilk the UK market.* More stores in the U.S. IKEA currently has only 38 stores across the country and they could possibly expand this market due to the high percentage of sales the United States gives IKEA. * Capitalize their Green efforts IKEA can capitalize on their unripe efforts. Customers desire to have less of an impact on the environment and due to the increased demand for cheaper and greener products, IKEA can take advantage of this and develop these products that the market wants. * Bonus/rewards services IKEA can add bonus/rewards services to increase customer satisfaction as well as increase customer loyalty.Threats* Product quality IKEA products are poorly made and people are willing to spend the extra buck to buy a product of better quality that will last for years. * Competitors More competitors are launching the low price business firm and furnishing markets increasing the competition IKEA will have to face. * When the economy strengthens- The recession slows down consumer spending and disposable income reduces. However when the economy strengthens, consumers will be willing to purchase furniture products at a higher price in order to get better quality. IKEA unavoidably to find a way to stay profitable when the economy takes this turn. furtherance StrategyIKEA grows their retail through traditional advertising such as TV commercials, a yearly print catalogue as well as utilizing new ways of advertising such as affable media and guerrilla marketing. In the past IKEAs television commercials were characterized as merry and weirdo often stating the slogan they are crazy these Swedes. This statement referred to the crazy low prices IKEA products were offered for. They would also often have a Swedish zany driving a yellow buggy loaded with IKEA boxes. Presently, IKEA commercials are more simple and modern. The new commercials focus on families in a household setting using IKEA products. These commercials continue with the humorous appeal, but only focus on a few IKEA items, to ensure the customers are more focused on the substance of the commercial. IKEA utilizes social media by holding contests on websites such as Facebook.When they were opening their new IKEA Malmo store in 2009, they created a Facebook black market where a showroom picture was uploaded to their Facebook profile and the first people to tag an item won that item (How To? From IKEA). Through the speed of social media, IKEA was able to get their customers to personally promote IKEA. IKEA also has held several contests throughout the years. They have contests such as Whats your story?, The Life Improvement jump, Dream Kitchen Givea way and several more.They really enjoy promoting their products by acquiring their customers involved. IKEA uses customer interaction in many of their promotion strategies. IKEA also has a yearly catalogue that can be sent to your homes or picked up at a local IKEA location. IKEAs yearly catalogue takes up a large part of their marketing budget because the catalogue is used as a main channel for communication around the world. IKEAs catalogue is distributed in 36 countries, in 27 languages and in 52 different versions. The catalogues distributed in different countries have the same Scandinavian name but differ in their product offerings which are highlighted on break up pages (Gustafson).IKEA caters to the different countries where they distribute their catalogues by trying to incorporate the different cultures into their catalogue. On top of sending paper catalogues around town, IKEA likes to go out of their way to show IKEA products in their normal settings but in extraordinary locations utilizing the concept of guerrilla marketing. This usually occurs when IKEA is opening new stores. Examples of IKEAs insurgent marketing include redecorating bus stations with IKEA furniture, redoing a subway bus with IKEA furniture and mounting IKEA furniture off the side of buildings. They make it as extreme as possible because they want to draw in peoples attention and make them stop and have a look.To promote their store in Tampa, IKEA produced their take on a message in a bottle by placing an IKEA playroom inside a monster plastic bottle. In Japan, IKEA transformed a gingko tree-lined boulevard in Tokyos shopping district of Aoyama into an open-air museum. They had fifteen box-like structures the size of typical Japanese rooms which were fitted out IKEA furnishings (Capell). IKEA alters their advertising to the match the different cultures and environment for each country, but continues to enforce their unusual extreme promotions to reach a large amount of people and hold their attention. .Works CitedCapell, Kerry. Ikeas New Plan for Japan. BusinessWeek. N.p., 25 Apr. 2006. Web. .Facts & Figures. IKEA. N.p.. Web. 21 Feb 2013. .Gustafson, Martin, and Eric Jonsson. Influence of Culture and case Image on marketing A Study of IKEAs procession in Sweden and France. (2008) n. pag. Web. .History . IKEA offical webpage. N.p.. Web. 21 Feb 2013. .How To? From IKEA. IGK Marketing RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Feb. 2013. .IKEA. Advertisement. IKEA. N.p., n.d. Web..IKEA. Countries with IKEA Stores. N.p.. Web. 21 Feb 2013. . Marketing Teacher. SWOT Analysis IKEA . Marketing Teacher Ltd 2000. Web. 25 Feb 2013. .Rowe, C.. Scribd. IKEA Marketing Plan. N.p.. Web. 21 Feb 2013. .ADD BRAND RANKING WORKS CITED

Recruitment And Selection In A Social Setting

INTRODUCTIONPeople reach an integral subtr personation of an governing. Indeed, on that point is no validation that seat run without its human resources. enlisting and natural pickaxe has thus far reaching implications for the proper functioning of the organization. more or less organizations atomic number 18 known to eagerly have their posts filled in crop to witness continuity of services. It is however consequential to get a line that the stave to be recruited ar baronily screened prior to their appellation, especi wholey in a kind circumstance. The eudaimonia of the children and indefensible adults must(prenominal) be put first, as contend to just filling vacancies.Staff must therefore be properly screened prior to their try-on so as to deter, reject and identify those who cogency cause pervert or evil to the children and vulnerable adults. Only after a rigorous and satisfactory enlisting and infusion member that appointments are make. This g amey recruitment and weft process contri stick outdes to a safer workforce, whose duties should reflect on their dedication to safeguarding and promoting the offbeat of vulnerable adults.Where there allegations or suspicion of abuse especially to vulnerable adults, the stages sketch below may be followed in resolving the issue. qui vive this concerns the responsibility of recognizing abusive situations and reporting them to the line manager. Alerting plays a major role in safeguarding and protecting children and vulnerable adults, and any concerns of possible abuse, however trivial, must be reported (SSD 2006). Referral Referrals are and then made to an appropriate designated incumbent. Contact can be made via band however, this must be confirmed in writing within 2 works days. When closing making on the level of urgency of the referral, the degree and cessation to which the risk poses harm to the vulnerable adult must be the deciding factor (SSD 2006). Some cases such as life threatening situations ordain require a rapid response. Screening At this stage the center of the alleged abuse is screened by the designated officer alongside other professionals (SSD 2006). In determining whether there is contract for further investigating, certain factors must be taken account of including nature and extent of abuse, vulnerability of the individual, impact, length of cartridge clip and the risk of repeated acts on other vulnerable adults (SSD 2006) Planning the investigating upon confirming receipt of the referral and after tutelagefully screening and determining the emergency for further investigation, the designated officer may then convene a outline discussion and appoint an investigating officer (SSD 2006). The scheme decision bequeath ensure that there is an early exchange of information in position to clarify the actions to be taken and to determine the method of investigation which can either be a single agency, enounce investigatio ns or joint investigations with the police (SSD 2006). Investigation the investigation strategy agreed at the strategy discussion is then implemented. The investigating officer pick outs the investigation while property the designated officer fully sensible. A primary consideration to be made at this stage is to involve vulnerable adult in the investigation. The investigation leave behind establish facts about the circumstances, decide whether there are rail appearance yard of concern, identify the level of risk and the sources, determine the person responsible and advocate what action to be taken against them (SSD 2006). Making decisions Upon receipt of the investigating officers report, a case discussion may be conducted to fashion an agreed care and security plan for the individual. The objectives of the meeting shall be to handle and evaluate the gathered information, assess the risk level, agree on an inter-agency care and testimonial plan, make appointments of pers ons who bequeath oversee the implementation of the care and protective cover plan, and identify any therapeutic interventions to the vulnerable individual who has been abused (SSD 2006). This go away complicate conducting an appropriate follow up. Monitoring and recaping this stage concerns the aspect of overseeing and ensuring that the care protection plan has effectively been implemented (SSD 2006). Where there are dumb risks to the vulnerable adult, the case can be kept under review and further actions that are necessary to safeguard them taken. LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY REQUIREMENTSUnderpinning all the aspects of recruitment and selection are the legislative requirements that I, as the HR manager, must adhere to prior to making any appointments, especially in a children and vulnerable adult context of use. These includeTHE PROTECTION OF CHILDREN ACT 1999This act provides for the protection of the developmental needs and offbeat of children, including the need to be prot ected from harm (DCSF 2010).CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND COURT SERVICES ACT 2000This act covers issues of divine revelation and child protection (DCSF 2010). It contains a list of convictions that bar offenders from working in a children and young race setting (DCSF 2010).THE CARE STANDARDS ACT 2000This act provides for the establishment of certain protocols and procedures that bars certain individuals from working with children and vulnerable adults in England and Wales (DCSF 2010).THE MENTAL CAPACITY ACT 2005This profess safeguards provisions with regard to people that lack capacity and provides protection from deprivation of liberty. According to the statute, all the staff working in a amicable setting, be it with vulnerable adults or children, must be aware of what constitutes deprivation and restriction of liberty (DCSF 2010).SAFEGUARDING compromising GROUPS ACT 2006This act introduces a vetting and barring scheme for the staff working with children and vulnerable adults (DCSF 2010 ). This act which came into force in November 2006 heralds significant changes to the way vetting is do for people working with vulnerable adults and children. The act contains provisions relating to organizations or individuals elusive in the recruitment and selection of people for regulated activities such as teaching, wellness care, social work, steering and counseling among others (DCSF 2010).Other legislations that regulate the protection of vulnerable adults from harm include the Sexual offences Act 2003, Fraud Act 2006, and Domestic Violence, Crimes and Victims Act 2004 (DCSF 2010). These acts tend to criminalize certain actions hence deterring individuals who are un worthy for working with vulnerable adults and children.Besides the legal and regulatory requirements outlined above, I get outing alike observe certain professional codes. For example, the canon of Practice for recruitment, this is an important element for achieving excellence in the recruitment and select ion of workers in a social care setting (DOH 2004). This code contains a list of standards of professional conduct and course sessions that must be strongly adhered to by all the employers in the recruitment and selection process (DOH 2004).It is widely declare that the credibility of the recruitment process is greatly learnd by the collective conduct of individual recruiters. In order to maintain the credibility and reputation of my organization, I bequeath endeavor to recruit while complying with the relevant professional codes including the codification of Practice, and Code of Ethics and passkey Conduct among others. The Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct is intended to instill confidence into the process of recruitment and selection. bosom these professional codes among others allow eliminate discrimination, improve on the recruitment process and help maintain best practices. recruitment AND SELECTION PROCESSIn any recruitment and selection process, the prospects m ust be assessed for their suitability for the position. The selection criteria may be based on structured call into questions, PowerPoint presentations, assessment centers and psychometric testing (Wood 1998). Due to the nature of work contained in a social setting, a structured reference allow be more suitable as the selection criteria.The use of interviewing as the selection method is important as it not only enables the candidate to demonstrate transferable skills and anterior experience that might be useful in undertaking the role, but also evaluates the candidates suitability for the post by exploring on other issues related to safeguarding the eudaimonia of children and vulnerable adults (Wood 1998).Hence, as the HR manager, I ordain first consult with the others specialists in the recruitment industry so as to determine the selection criteria and method best suitable for recruitment and selection in a social care setting. Upon agreeing on a suitable method, say an inte rview, I will then proceed with the recruitment and selection process which following stepsi) PLANNINGPlanning is vital to successful recruitment. As an initial stage, the planning phase will take account ofThe sum of money of cartridge holder needed to make the adverts A clear and precise rendering of the role Applications closing date Time needed for the short-listing to be narrown escort of the interview dining table Determining the nature and relevance of interview questions and tasks.ii) RECRUITMENT AND SELECTION POLICYAs providers of social care services, it is obvious that the staff of the organization will have contact with this vulnerable group on a day to day basis. Hence, the recruitment and selection process should not only exact staff of the highest caliber in the performance, but also of positive influence to children and vulnerable adults. The recruitment insurance and accompanying procedures must therefore be designed to safeguard and promote this vulnerable group.As the HR manager, I will ensure that an explicit recruitment and selection policy bidding that shows the organizations commitment to safeguarding and protecting the interests of vulnerable individuals is included in the various aspects of the recruitment process. This will include incorporating the policy in recruitment websites, publicity materials, advertisements, person stipulations, candidate information packs, competency framework, in the chore descriptions and generalisation upbringing as well.iii) ADVERTISINGHaving developed a proper plan and an explicit create verbally recruitment and selection policy, the next step will be to advertise. At this stage, I will ensure that the advert goes in accordance to the time schedule and that the organizations commitment to safeguarding the needs of children and vulnerable adults are clearly articulated in the advert.For instance, I will include a commitment statement such as belowEveryone in this organization has the obliga tion and commitment to safeguard and promote the welfare of children and vulnerable adults, and ensure their protection from harm.iv) APPLICATIONS AND SHORT-LISTINGFor any recruitment and selection process, a selection panel is needed to assess the appliers in terms of how well they meet the job specification. However, it is not up to the panel to wade through the resumes and cover letter trying to locate relevant information that meets the selection criterion. The onus is on the applicant to ensure that the relevant information is presented in a form that is easily accessible. This will assist in rating the screening against the selection criteria as well as against other applicants, and thereafter identifying those candidates shortlisted for the interview.An easy way of doing this is to draft an application form, which is to be filled in by the applicants. The application form provides the opportunity to emphasize on the organizational commitment to safeguarding and promoting th e welfare of vulnerable individuals. It will be my responsibility to ensure that the forms are obtainable for free downloads via the organizational website. Besides sending an application form to the potential applicants, I will also ensure that they receive a simulate ofThe aims and objectives of the organization information about the job description, salary grade, person specification and lines of accountability. the time schedule for the interview process and the guiding principles that ensure that the organization is committed to safeguarding and protecting children and vulnerable adults.Upon receiving the applications, I will scrutinize them and undertake the relevant checks relating to qualification, character, suitability, skills and identity. This will include working together with the panel in evaluating the candidates application bythe extent to which the requirements of the person specification are met by the applicant. the demonstration of transferable skills and exp erience to the job in questionWhere there are discrepancies noted, I will conduct a follow up to confirm and determine the suitability of the candidate for the position.v) REFERENCESAfter wading through the applications presented by the applicants, the information submitted is then scrutinized and tested by contacting their referees. Contacting their previous employers is important in order to determine the legitimacy of their information and their suitability for the position by checking whether there have been any concerns, allegations or disciplinary investigations on their conduct, performance and behaviour towards children. Where there are ambiguities, anomalies or conflicting information, I will conduct a follow up alongside with the referee.Ideally, references need to be taken prior to the interview. However, where they are not taken prior to the interview, the decision to select the applicant for posting shall be conditional upon receiving suitable references and checks.vi ) oppugnI will then make arrangements for the interview process, which is the most crucial stage of the selection process as it allows the panel to test the requirements of the person specification. Prior to the interview, I will delegate the necessary authority to the panel to make informed decisions about the appointments and ensure that the interview panel is well-trained in procedures of interviewing and selecting applicants. This will include the exceptional ability to recognize responses which may question suitability for the post.I will also organize for the Panel to meet prior to the interview in order to reach a consensus onthe standards accepted for appointment in this job, issues to be explored with each applicant, and the agreed assessment criteria.Aligning with the above, I will ensure that the interview questions are relevant and explore on suitability issues. That is, the questions should be linked specifically to the aspects of the job description. The purpose of in terview questions is to enable the candidate to demonstrate transferable skills and previous experience that might be useful in undertaking the role (Warner 1992).SCOPE OF THE INTERVIEWIn addition to assessing and evaluating the candidates suitability for the post, I will instruct the panel to explore on other issues related to safeguarding the welfare of Children and vulnerable adults. These will include exploring on factorsthe attitude of the candidate towards children and vulnerable adults What motivates the applicant to want to work in a social setting The candidates ability to support the agenda of safeguarding and protecting the welfare of the vulnerable individuals Emotional resilience in working with challenging behaviours. Gaps in employment history Any discrepancies and concerns that may arise from the information provided by the applicantvii) PRE-APPOINTMENT CHECKSBefore making any offer to potential applicants, I will ensure that they have provided satisfactory evidence ofIdentity/permission to work- the applicant must provide proof of identity including the name, address, date of birth and a valid national ID. Qualifications this includes original copies of all the relevant qualifications and recommendations from previous employers. These qualifications will be assessed based on the Health and kindly Care internal Occupation Standards and must confirm competence working within health and social care setting, especially with children and vulnerable adults (AMA 2010). CRB clearance I will check for any criminal record via the Criminal Record thorax (CRB). Any offer of appointment in a social setting must be conditional upon a satisfactory CRB disclosure (Bowles 1995). exclude list clearance Upon determining that the applicant is appropriate for the post, I will conduct checks with the relevant professional bodies including the General Social Care Council.viii) inference AND TRAININGWhere deemed suitable for the post, I will conduct a formal induction for the candidate which will include consideration of safeguarding and safe practice. This will also include a basic child protection training which will equip the new staff to recognize and respond to child welfare concerns. It is vital to have all the staff trained prior to their appointment so that those that lack the designated lead responsibility for child protection are subjected to refresher courses at three yearly intervals that will keep their skills and intimacy up to date. objet dart those with designated lead responsibility who have taken up the role, may be given training on inter-agency procedures.As the HR manager, part of my duties in the induction and training will includeExplaining to the candidate about the safeguarding policy of the organization Issuing a practice guidance and explaining conduct requirements to the candidate Making known the name and contact inside information of the Designated Child Protection Officer. Making known to the candidate the health and caoutchouc requirements. Assessing the induction and training needs of the candidate. TASK FORCE TO RECOMMEND CHANGES FOR progressionUpon completion of recruitment and selection, I will set up a task force that will examine the frontline social work practice and provide their recommendations on how improvements can be made, especially to the induction and training, recruitment and leadership.CONCLUSIONThe process of recruitment and selection of staff is certainly no easy task, especially in a children and vulnerable adult setting. While working with this vulnerable group may bring great rewards, it places a great responsibility for the HR managers to ensure that the staff employed to provide these vital services are well suited to the task.Therefore, there is need for HR managers in a social care setting to fittingly screen all the staff and volunteers prior to their appointment. Only after a rigorous and satisfactory recruitment and selection process that appointm ents are made. This robust recruitment and selection process contributes to a safer workforce, whose duties should reflect on their commitment to safeguarding the welfare of children and vulnerable adults.REFERENCEAllegations attention Advisor, Government office siemens East, 2010. Towards a safer workforce recruitment and selection, a policy guide for adjustment by child and youth support organizations.http//eduwight.iow.gov.uk/governors/images/Recruitmentandselection.pdf Accessed on 16th January 2012Bowles, N., 1995. Methods of oblige Selection a review, Nursing Standard, 9, 15, pp. 2529.Department for children, schools and families (DCSF), 2010. Safeguarding children and safer recruitment in education.http//www.education.gov.uk/consultations/downloadableDocs/Safeguarding%20Children%20Guidance.pdf Accessed on 17th January 2012Department of Health (DOH), 2004. Code of practice for the worldwide recruitment of healthcare professionals, crown .Erooga, M., 2009. Towards safer or ganizations adults who pose a risk to children in workplace and implications for recruitment and selection.http//www.nspcc.org.uk/Inform/research/findings/towardssaferorganisationssummary_wdf63929.pdf Accessed on 16th January 2012Social Services Directorate (SSD), 2006. Safeguarding vulnerable adults Regional adult protection policy and procedural guidance.http//www.gain-ni.org/flowcharts/downloads/safeguarding_vulnerable_adults.pdf Accessed 20th January 2012Warner, N., 1992. Choosing with Care. The Report of the Committee of Inquiry into theSelection, Development and Management of Staff in Childrens Homes, London HMSO.Wood, R., 1998. Competency-based recruitment and selection. Wiley publishers

Health and Safety of Using a Computer

You need to practice session the internet to search for the following information. Use the table below to breed your answers along with the web address of websites where you found the information. You should use more than hotshot website to check your answers Why is posture grave when using a calculating machine? randomness found (copy and library library paste from the website) nett address Your computer posture grass have a huge impact on your health. If its poor, and you slouch for 7 hours a day in front of your PC, your body will bide in the long-term. http//www. fitness-programs-for-life. om/computer-posture. html Why should you take regular breaks or vary of activity when using a computer? randomness found (copy and paste from the website) Web address warmness muscles that shift focus between your blood line document and a screen for a long period of era can tire. http//www. staffs. ac. uk/images/user042_tcm68-12657. pdf witness an image to show how you shou ld correctly sit when you argon using a computer? Information found (copy and paste from the website) Web address http//www. google. co. uk/imgres? imgurl=https//www. ourloungelearning. co. uk/materials/popups/new_screenshots/hse1. gifimgrefurl=https//www. yourloungelearning. co. uk/materials/popups/health_safety. phpusg=__IFMYnONBLFJMUTBDRGIS4N0Y5NU=h=328w=425sz=27hl=en operate=3zoom=1tbnid=3kv5FZAK84FF1Mtbnh=97tbnw=126ei=JhUxT_mxGIqK0AXjwtC0Bwprev=/search%3Fq%3Dhow%2Bshould%2Byou%2Bsit%2Bat%2Ba%2Bcomputer%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26sa%3DN%26rls%3Dcom. microsoften-gb%26biw%3D1280%26bih%3D852%26sout%3D1%26tbm%3Dischum=1itbs=1Why should computer screens and chairs be adjustable? Information found (copy and paste from the website) Web address Adjust your keyboard and screen to get a full(a) keying and viewing position. A space in front of the keyboard is sometimes steadying for resting the hands and wrists while non keying. Adjust seat height to plug hands are perpendic ular to keyboard (height adjustment is usually achieved by a handle to the left underside of the chair). http//www3. imperial. ac. uk/occhealth/guidanceandadvice/computerhealth/compute healthgeneralguidance Find out at least two health problems that might be related to computer use? Information found (copy and paste from the website) Web address 1. Eye Disease 2. Computer Stress Injuries 3. Hurting Hands http//heheli. com/business/top-4-health-problems-caused-by-computer-use/ Find an image to show back uping sockets and find out why you should not all overload sockets Information found (copy and paste from the website) Web address http//images. google. co. uk/imgres? imgurl=http//www. ambethliving. org. uk/images/overloaded%2520socket_m. gifimgrefurl=http//www. lambethliving. org. uk/Default. aspx%3Fpage%3D516usg=__PGOPSK2MwkKZwGesrJ2Em_8vjEo=h=183w=150sz=13hl=enstart=17zoom=1tbnid=XTRUfXeqS4U0ZMtbnh=102tbnw=84ei=IhcxT_7NEM2GhQfr9sz-BAprev=/search%3Fq%3Doverloading%2Bsockets%26h l%3Den%26safe%3Dactive%26biw%3D1280%26bih%3D852%26gbv%3D2%26sout%3D1%26tbm%3Dischitbs=1 Why should you not have trailing cables around a computer room?Information found (copy and paste from the website) Web address A large account of accidents around the work place, are cause by tripping over trailing wires. http//wiki. answers. com/Q/Why_shouldnt_you_have_trailing_wires_near_a_computerixzz1lhKk6ABs Find out what is meant by ergonomic furniture Information found (copy and paste from the website) Web address What does ergonomics mean? Ergonomics is the comprehension of designing environments and products to match the individuals who use them.The word ergonomics comes from the Greek ergon subject matter work and nomos meaning law. Fitting the worker to the capriole not the cheat to the worker. * Fitting the job to the worker through task design and procedures * Fitting the worker to the job through the use of proper placement procedures and training. It should be noted What w hole kit for one worker may not work for another, so its important to emphasize individual solutions. Your basic knowledge of ergonomics is a ginmill of physical damage or injuries that may occur.

Tragedy in Tom Brennan

Question It is unrealistic to avoid conflict in life, but this tragedy was prevent fitted. Do you jib? Do you believe that tragedies only happen to others? In the novel The bilgewater of Tom Brennan, by JC Burke, she highlights in the most severe way that tragedies do occur. My opinion to the bailiwick at hand is that tragedies do happen. There forget always be unavoidable conflict andI agree with the first statement in the paragraph.If you think about the events that took place in the novel, you will take that the story line is not a happy one. As depict by JC Burke, the novel outlines grief in many instances, melancholicness in the way of Nicole and Lukes families. Although these emotions are outlined there is still shiny and happy emotions involved. It is impossible to avoid conflict it is just a matter of the amount of tragedy you receive.The amount of conflict you receive can similarly reflect on a persons personality, how they respond and do otherwise terrible issue s. If you can stay strong through the voiceless times in life, you can everyplacecome the obstacles that are thrown at you. There are many stages a person goes through during times of tragedy it varies between people, religions and races. Some of the stages are depression, being so sad you cant find any way out.Anger is another, screening you miss the person/s so much rage takes over your life. These are just some of the stages one goes through during tragedy. Obviously the mishap in the novel is a tragedy, however there was definitely negligence involved in the events that took place on the night of the accident. Daniel was intoxicated and the passengers knew that so I question the judgment of them, never the less the responsibility lies with the driver and in this case it is Daniel.His actions leading to the death of his friends Nicole and Luke were unacceptable, also his actions lead to the prejudice of his cousin Fyn. His cousin Fyn was one of his great friends, they did everything together, played for the same rugger team, training alongside each other and just generally having a great time. Now though Fyn is not capable of doing the things he ones was able to do. He will no longer share his passion for rugger he once had, although he would give anything to play there is null he can do.

Landforms on the earth’s surface

The Earths mount put up be described as organism rough or smooth. Various geologic processes constantly remodel the humanss surface. several(prenominal) geological processes, much(prenominal) as those that make mountains or wear them down, typically take place at imperceptible rates. explosive events, however, can change the recordscape in a minute. Rates of these geological processes vary.Each continent has its individual arrangement of landforms, though similarities do exist. For example, lofty mountain ranges are located along the western sides of both northward and South America, since the two continents make up basically one land mass. A landform comprises a geomorphologic unit. Landforms are categorised by characteristics such as elevation, slope, orientation, stratification, rock exposure, and soil type. Landforms by name include mounds, hills, cliffs, valleys, and so forth. A number of factors, ranging from plate tectonics to erosion and deposition can generate and af fect landforms.In this article, I have chosen disruption vale.A suspension valley is a valley created by the administration of a rift. severing valleys are produced by tensional tectonic forces, which conk at divergent plate boundaries. Uninhabitable desert and fertile farmland, savourless arid plains and steep escarpments characterize todays jailbreak Valley.Some 20 million years ago, the earths crust weakened and separate itself aside creating a jagged rift, thousands of kilometres long, across the African continent. The land on every side erupted creating great volcanic mountains, piece the valley floor in stages sank into a low flat plain. This geologic phenomenon, dubbed the Great Rift Valley by the Scottish explorer John Walter Gregory, divides Kenya neatly down the distance of the country essentially separating east from west. Africas Great Rift Valley is a 6,000-mile crack (fissure) in the earths crust, stretching from Lebanon to Mozambique.Geologists know that vi olent subterranean forces that tore apart the earths crust formed the Rift Valley. These forces caused huge chunks of the crust to sink between parallel fault lines and force up molten rock in volcanic eruptions. Evidence that this process, called rifting, is still in progress comes from the many wide awake and semi-active volcanoes, located along the Rift.The Cenozoic rift brass of Eastern Africa extends from the Afar Depression in the north to beyond Lake Malawi in the south, a distance of about 5600 km. Close to the Equator it is made up of eastern and western rifts to either side of the Lake Victoria Basin.The most lengthy rift valley is located along the crest of the mid-ocean ridge system and is the matter of seafloor spreading. Existing continental rift valleys are usually the result of a failed arm (aulacogen) of a triple junction. Examples besides the Great Rift Valley include the Mississippi embayment and the Rio Grande Rift in North America. In some places this natur al divide is up to 100 km (60 miles) wide, while it reaches its narrowest point just north of Nairobi at 45 km wide.The valley floor is at its lowest near Lake Turkana where there is some no distinction between the Great Rift and the surrounding desert. As it heads south, however, the valley walls form sheer cliffs rising to 1,900 km (6,232 ft) at Lake Naivasha. afterward Naivasha, the valley descends again to 580 meters (1,902 feet) at the Tanzanian border. Subterranean movement is popular today as the Rift Valley is home to thirty active and semi-active volcanoes and countless hot springs along its length. This string of alkaline lakes and boiling springs northwestern United States of Nairobi includes Lake Baringo, Lake Bogoria, Lake Nakuru, Lake Elementaita, Lake Naivasha, and Lake Magadi in the south.These lakes are unique because their water is highly concentrate sodium carbonate. This situation is caused by the high alkalinity from the surrounding volcanic rocks linked w ith poor drainage outlets due to the steep sides of the valley. The high evaporation of the surface lake water results in sodium carbonate, which, in turn, creates an ideal breeding commonwealth for algae.Several species of fish, tilapia in particular, thrives in this environment. As a result, millions of birds sess to these soda lakes to feast on the abundant food supply of algae and fish. Each of the lakes in the Rift Valley string has a meagerly different water composition ranging.The formation of the Rift Valley continues, belike driven by mantle plumes and ultimately a result of the African supers well. The associated geothermal activity and spreading at the rift has caused the lithosphere to swerve from a typical 100 km thickness for continents to a specified 20 km. Within a few million years, the lithosphere may rupture and eastern Africa will split off to form a untested landmass. If spreading continues, this will lead to the formation of a new mid-ocean ridge.The O l Doinyo Lengai volcano remains active, and is currently the only natrocarbonatite volcano in the world.The Rift Valley has been a rich source of anthropological discovery, especially in an area known as Piedmont. Because the rapidly eroding highlands have fill up the valley with sediments, a favourable environment for the preservation of remains has been created. The castanets of several hominid ancestors of modern humans have been found there, including those of Lucy, a nearly complete australopithecine skeleton, which was discovered by anthropologist Donald Johanson. Richard and Meave Leakey have also done significant work in this region.References1)Geography. (2006). In Britannica Student Encyclopaedia. Retrieved July 4, 2006, from Encyclopdia Britannica bounty Service http//www.britannica.com/ebi/article-201425.2)The Physical Geography of Africa.W. M. Adams editor, A. S. Goudie editor, A. R. Orme editor. Publisher Oxford University Press. Place of event Oxford. offspri ng Year 1999. Page Number 18.3)Population and Energy A Systems Analysis of imagination Utilization in the Dominican Republic. Contributors Gustavo A. Antonini author, Katherine Carter Ewel author, Howard M. Tupper author. Publisher Florida Presses. Place of Publication Gainesville. Publication Year 1975.

Box Man

1. Meaning Ascher states her chief(prenominal) idea towards the end of the essay. The niche military man chooses solitude, and he also confirms the indispensable aloneness of hu hu part being. She also demonstres that we can find solice within ourselves. Ascher leads up to and supports her idea with three examples the box man chooses lone pull backss, and in contrast the deuce women whose loneliness seems unchosen. She supports these choices with specific details from Aschers observations here is where you give details. 2. purport and audienceAscher seems to get down written her essay for two interlocking reasons to present and frankincense explain that solitude need not always be only(a) and to argue gently for defeating loneliness by becoming ones own friend. In choosing the street corner Man as her main example, she reveals possibly a third purpose as well to convince readers that a homeless person can have dignity and may fall upon a measure of self satisfaction l acking in or so the great unwashed who do have homes. Ascher seems to assume that her readers, like her argon mess with homes, people to whom the Box man and his life might seem all in all foreign.She comments on his slow shuffle, mysterious discrimination among boxes, his blistered legs and how miserable his life looks. construct from this assumption that her readers will find the Box Man strange, Ascher takes pains to submit the dignity of the Box man his grand design for furniture, his resemblance to commuters, his grandm early(a)ly flick lings and his refusal for handouts. Ascher also assumes some familiarity with lit and she chooses female figures to illustrate this all outcasts of society.Finally, Ascher seems to compensate people who are familiar with, if not actually residents of, New York call she refers to a New York street address, a New York subway line (IRT), and the Daily News- a NY paper. However readers that do not know the literature Archer cites, who do not know NYC are still likey to infer and appreciate Aschers main point.3. Method and Structure Aschers autochthonic support for her idea consist of three examples specific instances of solitary people. It allows her to show contrasting responsesto solitude one person who seems to choose it and two people who dont. She develops the examples with description vividly portraying the Box Man and the two women. (cite here) Ascher uses division or analysis to take apart the elements of her three credits lives, and she relies on comparison and contrast to show the differences between the Box Man the other two (cite examples )While using many methods to develop her idea, Ascher keeps her constitution fairly simple. She doesnt not begin with a formal instauration or thesis statement but instead starts right clear up with her main examples, the inspiration for her idea. In the first seven paragraphs she narrates and describes the Box mans activities. Then she explains what appeals to her about circumstances like the Box mans and she applies those thought to what she imagines are his thought. Ascher contrasts the Box man and two other solitary people, whose lives she sees as different form his. Finally she returns to the Box Man and zeroes in on her main ides.4. LanguageAscher uses specific language to portray her three examples she shows them to us and lets us know what she thinks about them. For instance, the language changes for the impression of the Box Man to the next to the last paragraph on solitude. The Box Man comes to life in warms terms (show examples) Ascher watches him with silent fervor he seems dogged by luck he sits with slow care he open the newspaper with ease In contrast, isolation comes across as a desperate state bland stares, strangers exile .The contrast in language helps to show Ascher point about the individuals ability to find teething ring in solitude.In describing the two other solitary people who evidently have not found comfort in aloneness Ascher uses words that emphasize the heaviness of time and the sterility of existence. The first woman drags her meals out and crumbles wild between dry fingers. She lacks even the trinkets of attachment a gold glamour bracelet with picture of grandchildren. The wife with her hair in a time-honored page boy, the three blond daughters emphasizes the probable absence of such scenes in the womans own life.Ascher occasionally uses incomplete sentences or fragments to filter the accumulation of details or the quickness of her impressions. Paragraph 10and 18 (cite examples from them) both of these incomplete sentences gain emphases for Parallelism, the use of similar grammatical for ideas of comprise importance. Although incomplete sentences can be unclear, these and others in Aschers essay are clear and she uses them deliberately and carefully.

Poland Business Cycle

This coarse Focus studys and interprets the statistical characteristics of the refinement moving in circle. It excessively identifies trail and fall back variables and shows that the stinting fluctuations in Poland differ to much or less issue from those in other emergent and grow economies, with civilisation growth nonably more than(prenominal) mercurial and government expenditure highly rambling. The available entropy on gross national product growth argue that the Polish preservation is approach means the bloom of youth of the second business cycle since the start of frugal duty period from a centrally planned to a market place economy.The current upswing is to nearly(a) extent similar to the one of 1995-1997 which end in large macroeconomic imbalances (increasing un physical exercise, sp atomic number 18 capacity, widening pecuniary and current key out shortages). However, Poland now appears to be bring out positioned than after the pop off cycl e and should be able to neutralise a repeat of that outcome. Business cycles in emergent market economies Although the economic literature on business cycles is vast, only recently have some(prenominal) papers on business cycles in rising market economies appeared.Usually they analyse economic fluctuations inside particular countries (e. g. Benczur and Ratfai, 2005) or make some cross-country comparisons (e. g. Aguayo et al. , 2004 or Carmignani, 2005). A common methodology used in the analysis of business cycles (based on observations of mature economies and economic theory) distinguishes pro- circular, counter- rotary and a-cyclical variables. Pro-cyclical variables fluctuate together with GDP (e. g. industrial production, investing, role, flash), countercyclical variables against GDP (e. g. nemployment, sack up exports) and a-cyclical variables independently of GDP (e. g. documentary sake computes). 1 With see to timing, the stylised facts of the business cycle ident ify spark advance, lagging and coinciding variables in the lead variables move ahead of GDP (e. g. medium roil productivity, inventory investment, specie supply), lagging variables fol emit GDP (e. g. pomposity, nominal disport rates) and synchronal variables, as the name suggests, move coincidentally with GDP (e. g. industrial production, inhalation, employment) (Snowdon & Vane, 2005, p. 306).Overall, business cycles in emerging market economies (Carmignani, 2005)2 are non such(prenominal) different from those in mature economies (Snowdon and Vane, 2005, p. 306), By Michal Narozny* The business cycle in Poland where do we stand? Highlights in this issue While on the only not different from mature economies, the properties of the business cycle in Poland demonst balancen some special characteristics The current cycle seems to have reached a power point nevertheless the lag is likely not to be as articulate as in the previous cycle sight IV, Issue 9 03. 08. 2007 E CFIN COUNTRY FOCUS Directorate for the Economies of the Member States. The views expressed in the ECFIN farming Focus belong to the authors only and do not necessarily flout to those of the Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs or the European bang.Economic analysis from the European Commissions Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs Identification of circumspection and timing is key in business cycle analysis ECFIN Country Focus rule book IV, Issue 9 summon 2 but economies in transition (though they do not constitute a alike group) display some specific characteristics overall, the economy is much more volatile than in the euro area, which is the consequence of structural changes and catching-up, appals are m enthusiasticly less resolved than in the euro area, and fluctuations consequently more frequent, government expending is more wandering than in the euro area, suggesting a significant discretional element in fiscal policies, but not one that is necessarily aimed at cyclical stabilisation, employment is a-cyclical in some, but pro-cyclical in other emerging economies, inflation in emerging economies is volatile and not clearly pro-cyclical. remit 1 shows some in question(p) analysis of the key macroeconomic variables in the Polish business cycle. all told variables (except for inflation and net exports) were logtransformed, de-seasonalised by means of the X. 12 method and afterwards de-trended using the HP filter. nett exports were expressed as a ratio to GDP and deseasonalised by means of the multiplicative X. 11 method ahead universe de-trended. Volatility of cyclical fluctuations, and hence the magnitude of the business cycle, is thrifty by the criterion deviation. Polish GDP volatility is just about 0. 015, compared to 0. 08 for the euro area. The pains of cyclical fluctuations is measured by the auto-correlation coefficient the closer to 1, the more sullen the shock (and the longer it takes to absorb it) and on that pointfore the less fluctuation in the business cycle. Testing for the Polish business cycle persistence yields a coefficient of 0. 55 compared to 0. 85 for the euro area. Table 1. Summary statistics of business cycle fluctuations in Poland Correlations with the cyclical component of GDP Poland Standard Autodeviation correlation -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 GDP 0. 015 0. 550 1Industrial production 3. 317 0. 730 -0. 018 0. 154 0. 314 0. 515 0. 771 0. 599 0. 444 0. 229 0. 113 personal consumption 0. 013 0. 269 0. 015 0. 079 0. 283 0. 433 0. 434 0. 385 0. 463 0. 380 0. 037 judicature consumption 0. 020 0. 001 -0. 200 0. 007 0. 230 0. 022 -0. 211 0. one hundred s withalty-five 0. 282 0. 199 0. 051 GFCF 0. 070 0. 717 0. 357 0. 399 0. 403 0. 484 0. 824 0. 585 0. 371 0. 313 0. 344 Inventories 1. 189 -0. 072 -0. 139 0. 044 0. 021 0. 074 0. 199 0. 187 0. 150 0. 177 0. 230 Net exports 0. 012 0. 574 -0. 061 -0. 174 -0. 386 -0. 373 -0. 326 -0. 513 -0. 497 -0. 389 -0. 452 Exports 0. 58 -0. 005 0. 098 0. 199 0. 177 0. 225 0. 594 -0. 018 0. 030 -0. 016 -0. 193 Imports 0. 063 0. 378 0. 097 0. 252 0. 350 0. 408 0. 672 0. 377 0. 384 0. 258 0. 175 Employment 0. 017 0. 857 0. 291 0. 372 0. 411 0. 452 0. 545 0. 409 0. 333 0. 355 0. 344 advertize productivity 0. 354 0. 512 0. 120 0. 090 0. 056 0. 070 0. 133 0. 257 0. 109 0. 026 -0. 142 Money supply (M1) 0. 041 0. 776 -0. 078 -0. 060 0. 092 0. 260 0. 475 0. 472 0. 535 0. 505 0. 432 swelling 1. 819 0. 779 0. 092 0. 321 0. 511 0. 596 0. 473 0. 290 0. 082 -0. 082 -0. 146 CPI 1. 737 0. 777 0. 086 0. 255 0. 411 0. 422 0. 00 0. 082 -0. 075 -0. 167 -0. 184 Real sake rate 0. 655 0. 942 0. 226 0. 279 0. 302 0. 263 0. 135 0. 132 0. 120 0. 092 0. 088 show period give estimates. Data source Eurostat. Sample 1995Q3 2007Q1 Summary statistics Lags Leads Business cycles in Poland what is different and what is alike The analysis of the Polish cycle yields a build stylised facts, which are to some degree typical for emer ging economies. Table 2 summarises a number of stylised facts on business cycles in mature economies and in Poland (bearing in mind the relatively short clip span for the latter).It shows that some of the usual characteristics of business cycles in mature economies (or even in emerging economies) are not seen in Poland. Where this is the case, some rendition is offered. Industrial production is usually pro-cyclical and coincident in both mature and emerging economies, but in Poland it has a slightly leadership property, which indicates the wideness of industrial production as a driver of the business cycle. In the aggregate demand components, private consumption seems to be procyclical in Poland.However, it is not coincident as in mature economies, and has a lead-lag profile that is not typical it is almost flat over four quarters with some lead. Hence, although private consumption is the largest component of GDP, the dynamic relation over time between the two variables is errati c, possibly indicating consumption savorlessing, which is characteristic of low-income economies. However, the ratio of the standard deviation of private consumption to the standard deviation of GDP (by which consumption smoothing is usually judged) is estimated at 0. 8, i. e. higher than the upper bound of the normal commit reported in the literature. 3 This suggests that consumption smoothing is not present in Poland, which might indicate lower risk aversion and/or underdevelopment of fiscal markets. The Polish business cycle displays some characteristic properties Business fluctuations in Poland are highly volatile and persistent ECFIN Country Focus flashiness IV, Issue 9 Page 3 Table 2. The stylised facts about business cycles in mature economies and Poland Variable Mature economies* Poland** category VariableDirection quantify Direction Timing Supply side Industrial production pro-cyclical coincident pro-cyclical coincident/leading Private consumption pro-cyclical coinciden t pro-cyclical erratic establishment consumption pro-cyclical erratic counter-cyclical /erratic erratic GFCF pro-cyclical coincident pro-cyclical coincident Inventories pro-cyclical leading pro-cyclical leading Net exports counter-cyclical coincident/ lagging counter-cyclical erratic Exports pro-cyclical coincident pro-cyclical coincident Demand components Imports pro-cyclical coincident pro-cyclical coincidentLabour Employment pro-cyclical coincident pro-cyclical coincident/lagging market Labour productivity pro-cyclical leading pro-cyclical leading Money supply pro-cyclical leading pro-cyclical leading Monetary Inflation pro-cyclical lagging pro-cyclical lagging variables Real pursuit rates a-cyclical erratic pro-cyclical lagging * Features commonly found in the literature. chief(prenominal) source Snowdon Vane (2005) ** See Table 1 Source Own calculations (see Table 1) and Snowdon Vane (2005) Government consumption seems to be neither consistently counter- nor procyclical.Hi gh volatility and a precise low persistence (i. e. frequent fluctuations of sizable magnitude) point to an irregular pattern of government consumption, suggesting an important role of discretionary fiscal policies, which is a distinctive feature of emerging economies (Carmignani, 2005) and possibly tie in to the existence of a political cycle in public finances. staring(a) fixed capital formation appears to be coincident, highly pro-cyclical and persistent (auto-correlation of 0. 2) and inventories lead according to the stylised facts they are pro-cyclical and leading (though less so than in mature economies). Finally, both exports and imports can be seen as pro-cyclical, but imports slightly more so than exports, which is in line with the features of mature, but not emerging economies where exports are a-cyclical on average. Moreover, imports seem to be quite persistent (following persistent GFCF), unlike exports (which depend on extraneous demand) both variables are highly vo latile (standard deviations are more than the double of the euro-area).Net exports are moderately counter-cyclical with an erratic pattern over time (due to persistent imports), whereas in mature economies net exports are similarly counter-cyclical, but usually coincident or lagging. With respect to the labour market, employment shows up as pro-cyclical and coincident, with some evidence of lagging, which places Poland somewhere in the middle between mature and emerging economies in this respect. Labour productivity appears to be pro-cyclical and leading, in line with the stylised facts, though the leading property is less pronounced than in mature economies.Pro-cyclicality of employment with its smooth and slightly lagged correlation profile suggests labour hoarding (Burnside et al. , 1993). Among the monetary variables, the money supply apears to be pro-cyclical and leading. Inflation seems to be pro-cyclical and to follow GDP as in mature economies, which is not the case in most emerging economies (where inflation is acyclical see Carmignani, 2005). This is probably due to the fact that at the offset of the transformation process all emerging economies had very high inflation rates that systematically decreased.Thus, it is hard to discern a clear cyclical pattern. Poland managed to achieve relatively low inflation sooner than other emerging countries, allowing this pro-cyclicality to be revea direct earlier. Contrary to the stylised facts for mature (but also emerging) economies, where touchable interest rates are a-cyclical with no clear pattern with respect to timing, real interest rates in Poland show up as being pro-cyclical and lagging, implying a countercyclical monetary policy (coefficient of correlation with GDP is 0. 4 and there is a clear lagging pattern). Smooth and lagged correlation profile of pro-cyclical employment suggests labour hoarding The irregular pattern of government consumption suggests that discretionary fiscal policies play an important role ECFIN Country Focus Volume IV, Issue 9 Page 4 Troughs, peaks and the drivers of growth The first economic cycle since the beginning of economic transition lasted about 10 years, with the involution and slowdown phases each spanning about 5 years the cycle ended in the second quarter of 2001.The current upswing has already lasted 6 years, which suggests that the peak is imminent if the length of the current cycle is similar to the previous one. Decelerating leading variables (industrial production, net exports and labour productivity) whitethorn also be signs of a act point. Chart 1. Developments of basic economic variables in Poland in 1991-2008 -10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 % 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 % CA deficit (% of GDP) Unemployment rate (rhs) CPI inflation (rhs) GDP growth Fiscal deficit (lhs)Source Commission services In both the early mid-nineties and in 2001, when the economy was at its trough, there was a large unutilised labour supply and square reserves in enterprises capacity utilisation. The fiscal deficit was also substantial. In the first cycle, ample supply of resources was a consequence of transition to a market economy which caused a recession in 1990-1991. In 2001-2002 it followed from the solid ground economic slowdown and a restrictive monetary policy, which forced Polish enterprises to reorganise to raise their competitiveness and efficiency. Poland got out of the trough twice hanks to exogenic impulses to investment the restructuring of the London Club debt in 1994 (which brought the first major prosper of FDI) and entry into the EU in 2004 (which led to an inflow of EU funds). The external circumstances were also favourable as the world economy expand in the nineties until 1998 and has been on a stable growth path since 2003. Chart 2. Contributions to GDP growth in Poland in 1991-2008 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 % total consumption GFCF Inventories Net exports GDP growthSource Commission services The main factor that drove real GDP growth in 1995-1997 to about 7% was dynamic nationalated demand growth of 8? % on average, supported by hardy consumption (about 5 percentage points contribution to GDP growth on average). Despite the fact that the economy was growing above likely and domestic demand was growing significantly faster than GDP, a strong zloty detention (with a temporary blip in 2000) ensured that the disinflation process was not disturbed. However, this in that respect are indications that the Polish business cycle has approached a peak oversized acroeconomic imbalance during the troughs ECFIN Country Focus Volume IV, Issue 9 Page 5 situation led to a fast-growing imbalance on the current account the 2% of GDP surplus in 1994 heavy-handed to a deficit of 6% of GDP in 1999 (to which the Russian crisis also cont ributed). Growth outlook based on solid foundations for now It is estimated that the Polish economy is currently expanding at a pace close to its potential (approximated at 5. 9% in 2007), on the back of rising domestic demand, which is likely to be followed by increasing imports and a deteriorating current account balance.The growth of gross fixed capital formation accelerated to 17% in 2006 and to nearly 30% y-o-y in the first quarter of 2007. Private consumption increased at 5. 2% in 2006 and stepped up to 6. 9% y-o-y in the first quarter of 2007, which is significantly higher than the 2. 7% average growth in 2000-2003. So far, this expansion of consumption has not led to a rapid increase in the current account deficit (which rose from 1. 7% in 2005 to 2. 3% of GDP in 2006) or a rise in inflation (which has come in downstairs the central banks medium-term inflation target of 2. % for eight quarters in a row), mainly thanks to moderate real wage growth. However, with a change la bour market, emerging skill mismatches and workforce emigration the pressure on wages is expected to become more significant, contributing to a hike up increase of consumption. In consequence, it might lead to an escalation of the external imbalance and/or increased inflation. Nevertheless, GDP growth in the current phase seems to be based on more solid foundations than in the late 1990s Firstly, the appropriate of exports in GDP has nearly tripled in 1992-2006 to about 40% the number of exporters has also increased considerably.The structure of exports has improved, with a bigger share of processed goods and a higher value added. Foreign direct investment has helped increase the production capacity of the Polish economy, which enables the domestic market to better meet increased private demand, and makes the balance of payments less prone to fluctuations in domestic demand. In addition, increased investment-driven imports are largely balanced by increased exports on account of a good situation in the external environment. Secondly, the floating exchange rate is likely to act as a buffer against imported inflation.However, even without a strong zloty appreciation, inflation in Poland during the coming years is expected to stay relatively low below or around the central banks medium-term inflation target of 2. 5%. As the Polish economy is now more open than 10 years ago, inflation is more influenced by global factors. Increased motion picture of Polish enterprises to international competition limits their ability to freely increase prices and wages. They are forced to increase labour productivity faster than wages to respect their market position. Thus, even with growing wage demands, enterprises are more instinctive to decrease mark-ups than to raise prices. Thirdly, increased household incomes acquired as a impression of higher wages and an improved labour market situation may not translate into consumption to the same extent as in the previous econom ic cycle. There is evidence that households are now more saturated with basic durable and consumption goods which they lacked before4 and are more eager to spend additional income on holidays abroad owing to a more mature service sector. Financial markets are more developed than 10 years ago, giving an opportunity for financial investments. ConclusionsThe business cycle in Poland exhibits similar properties to cycles in mature economies, but there are some notable differences for government consumption, net exports and real interest rates (although for the last variable the picture may be blurred by its very high level at the beginning of the transformation process). However, because the data series are short, the results should be interpreted with caution. The irregular behaviour of government consumption in Poland with respect to influence on the business cycle could be related to a discretionary fiscal policy implemented within a political business cycle.GDP growth is based on m ore solid foundations in the current cycle ECFIN Country Focus Volume IV, Issue 9 Page 6 The analysis of the previous upswing in Poland, the identification of variables with leading properties with respect to GDP, and the latest developments all seem to suggest that the Polish economy might have reached the peak of the current cycle in the first quarter of 2007. Nevertheless, thanks to the ongoing process of restructuring of the economy, the slowdown phase is not likely to be as pronounced as in the previous cycle and should not lead to major imbalances.